Bronchiectasis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Investigations, Treatment and Complications of Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is abnormal and permanent dilatation of the central and medium-sized airways. This leads to impaired clearance of bronchial secretions with secondary bacterial infection and bronchial inflammation.

Changes in bronchiectasis

Causes of bronchiectasis:

In children:

1. Cystic fibrosis

Changes in airway

2. Congenital ciliary dysfunction syndrome, also known as Kartagener's syndrome or Immotile ciliary syndrome.

In young adults:

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis
2. Inhalation of foreign body

In adults:

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis
2. Ciliary dysfunction syndrome
3. As a complication of Pneumonia, where there is retention of sputum leading to lobar collapse and bronchiectasis.

Myopia: Features, Causes, Clinical Types, Comlications and Treatment of Myopia

Myopia is a type of refractive error of eye where parallel rays of light coming from infinity distance (6 m or more) gets focused in front of the retina.

Normal eye and Myopic eye

Features of Myopia:

1. Image of any object is formed in front of the retina.
2. Near vision is good but distant vision is bad.